According to the dictionary, "vaccination" means "the introduction into humans or domestic animals of microorganisms that have previously been treated to make them harmless for the purpose of inducing the development of immunity." The most famous creator of a vaccine was Louis Pasteur, who created an anthrax vaccine, saving the economy of France. Lesser-known scientist Edward Jenner is also famous in the field of vaccines. In fact, he created the very first, a vaccine for smallpox. He observed that the milkmaids would contract "cowpox," get better and NEVER contract smallpox. Jenner's theory was that cowpox was simply a weaker form of smallpox and if one was to be inoculated with cowpox, the body would develop and immunity to smallpox. It was certainly a revolutionary idea, considering the fact that he lived in the 1700s. Nothing like that had ever been proposed - the very idea that the body could be made "immune," was mind-reeling in that period. Jenner was determined to test his idea. He infected a poor, eight year old boy with cowpox. The bacteria was weak and he recovered. Then Jenner did something brash. He injected the boy with smallpox. Thank God the kid didn't contract it because he had developed an immunity, but imagine what would have happened if he would have died? Yes, this experiment was a success. Did that justify putting a little eight year old boy in danger? What if the smallpox had killed him? Did the end justify the means? The smallpox vaccine saved thousands of lives. Does that justify putting one life in danger?
In my opinion, it's never acceptable to breach moral, ethical, or legal boundaries to achieve some perceived greater good. Jenner couldn't have been sure of the outcome of his experiment so he was not justified in endangering someone's life. Of course, we don't know the entire situation. I'm merely assuming we had a medical tycoon tricking an ignorant eight year old farm boy who didn't fully understand the situation into becoming a medical victim. On the off chance that the eight year old fully understood the situation, it was still probably wrong given that an eight year old doesn't have the brain capacity to understand the gravity of such a decision. It was wrong of such a brilliant man to take advantage of a little's boy's ignorance. Furthermore, it was wrong of the boy's parents not to protect him. They were humble townspeople, they had to have at least heard of smallpox! There have been thousands upon thousands of cruel, failed experiments on humans in the interest of "medicine." This is an oxymoron at best considering the profession of a doctor is interested in proliferating human life, not putting it in harm's way. Although God allowed some good to come out of the situation as he so often does, Jenner was NOT justified in any way shape or form. The boy was the first organism Jenner tested his theory on. He did not even bother to test it on an animal first! This is inexcusable. Today's scientists are held to higher standards and have moral and ethical codes that they are required to follow in their experiments. Still, on occasion we see situations like this one that should be obliterated.
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label biology. Show all posts
Wednesday, May 25, 2011
Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Vocab Chapter 40
Disease - any change, other than an injury that disrupts the normal functions of the body
Pathogens - disease causing agent, such as a bacterium or fungus
Germ theory of disease - idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms or germs
Koch's Postulates - series of guidelines used to identify the microorganisms that causes a specific disease
Vectors - animal that carries disease causing organisms from person to person
Antibiotics - specialized protein that helps destroy disease causing organisms
Inflammatory response - nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Fever - elevated body temperature that occurs in response to infection
Interferons - one of a group of proteins that help cells resist viral infection
Immune Response - the body's specific defenses that attack a disease causing agent
Vaccination - injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
Active Immunity - immunity produced by a vaccine so called because the body has the ability to mount an active immune response against the pathogen
Allergies - overreaction of the immune system that results when antigens bind to mast cells
Pathogens - disease causing agent, such as a bacterium or fungus
Germ theory of disease - idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms or germs
Koch's Postulates - series of guidelines used to identify the microorganisms that causes a specific disease
Vectors - animal that carries disease causing organisms from person to person
Antibiotics - specialized protein that helps destroy disease causing organisms
Inflammatory response - nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Fever - elevated body temperature that occurs in response to infection
Interferons - one of a group of proteins that help cells resist viral infection
Immune Response - the body's specific defenses that attack a disease causing agent
Vaccination - injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
Active Immunity - immunity produced by a vaccine so called because the body has the ability to mount an active immune response against the pathogen
Allergies - overreaction of the immune system that results when antigens bind to mast cells
Chapter 40 Assesment
1-6, 10, 11-12, 15, 22, 25, 28, 36
1) a
2) c
3) b
4) d
5)a
6) d
10) c
11) That infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms called germs.
12) If a pathogen can be identified then perhaps it can be prevented or cured.
15) Wash your hands!
22) The antibodies in your system die out
25) One is infected with cancer-like properties, one is harmless and stagnant.
28) Did the end justify the means? Perhaps... Of course, we don't know the entire situation.
36) Heat is used to kill germs.
1) a
2) c
3) b
4) d
5)a
6) d
10) c
11) That infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms called germs.
12) If a pathogen can be identified then perhaps it can be prevented or cured.
15) Wash your hands!
22) The antibodies in your system die out
25) One is infected with cancer-like properties, one is harmless and stagnant.
28) Did the end justify the means? Perhaps... Of course, we don't know the entire situation.
36) Heat is used to kill germs.
Chapter 40
Some diseases are inherited. Others are caused by materials in the environment. Still others are produced by organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
Some infectious diseases are spread from one person to another through coughing, sneezing or physical contact. Other infectious disease are spread through contaminated water or food. Still others are spread by infected animals.
Your body's most important nonspecific defense is the skin.
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
Once the body has been exposed to a pathogen, millions of memory B and T cells remain capable of producing specific antibodies to that pathogen.
When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own cells, ti produces an autoimmune disease.
Cancers begin when something goes wrong with the controls that normally regulate cell growth and division.
Treatments for cancer fall into three general categories; surgery, radiation, therapy and drug therapy.
Some infectious diseases are spread from one person to another through coughing, sneezing or physical contact. Other infectious disease are spread through contaminated water or food. Still others are spread by infected animals.
Your body's most important nonspecific defense is the skin.
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
Once the body has been exposed to a pathogen, millions of memory B and T cells remain capable of producing specific antibodies to that pathogen.
When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own cells, ti produces an autoimmune disease.
Cancers begin when something goes wrong with the controls that normally regulate cell growth and division.
Treatments for cancer fall into three general categories; surgery, radiation, therapy and drug therapy.
Monday, May 23, 2011
Vocab! Chapter 39
Puberty - period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional
Follicles - cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system
Ovary - the female gonad that produces eggs
Uterus - organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop
Corpus Luteum - name given to a follicle after ovulation because of its yellow color
Menstrual cycle - cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.
Placenta - organ in placental mammals through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother.
Fetus - name given to human embryo after eight weeks of development
Follicles - cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system
Ovary - the female gonad that produces eggs
Uterus - organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop
Corpus Luteum - name given to a follicle after ovulation because of its yellow color
Menstrual cycle - cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.
Placenta - organ in placental mammals through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother.
Fetus - name given to human embryo after eight weeks of development
Chapter 39 Assessment
Chapter 39 - 6-10, 17, 22, 27, 40
6) b
7) b
8) c
9) c
10) c
17) The start of sexual development
22) It is a hormone
27) To hold and nourish a child to term
40) If you lose all those nutrients, the fetus would die.
6) b
7) b
8) c
9) c
10) c
17) The start of sexual development
22) It is a hormone
27) To hold and nourish a child to term
40) If you lose all those nutrients, the fetus would die.
Chapter 38 Notes
Sections 38.1-2
The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Every cell in the human body NEEDS water, b/c many of the body's processes including chemical reactions take place in water. It's important to have a balanced diet.
The digestive system includes the mouth pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The purpose of the mouth is to make the food into smaller, usable pieces. Also, digestive enzymes in your saliva helps break down the food on a molecular level. This is called chemical digestion. The function of each organ of the digestive system is to help convert food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
The combined actions of the tongue and throat molecules push the clump of food down the throat. From the throat, we go to the esophagus, or food tube down to the stomach. Gravity does not cause food to travel down this tube. We know this because astronauts can eat in outer space where gravity is unpredictable and nearly non-existent. Rather, muscles in the organ push food down to the stomach.
The stomach contains acids and chemicals that break down food into usable parts. The small intestine is where the food is absorbed. The interior of the intestine is lined with villi, which look like tiny hairs. This increases the surface area so that the body can absorb LARGE amounts at once. By the time food leaves the small intestine, nearly all the nutrients have been removed and what is left is basically toxic waste. The body eliminates it through the excretory system.
The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Every cell in the human body NEEDS water, b/c many of the body's processes including chemical reactions take place in water. It's important to have a balanced diet.
The digestive system includes the mouth pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The purpose of the mouth is to make the food into smaller, usable pieces. Also, digestive enzymes in your saliva helps break down the food on a molecular level. This is called chemical digestion. The function of each organ of the digestive system is to help convert food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
The combined actions of the tongue and throat molecules push the clump of food down the throat. From the throat, we go to the esophagus, or food tube down to the stomach. Gravity does not cause food to travel down this tube. We know this because astronauts can eat in outer space where gravity is unpredictable and nearly non-existent. Rather, muscles in the organ push food down to the stomach.
The stomach contains acids and chemicals that break down food into usable parts. The small intestine is where the food is absorbed. The interior of the intestine is lined with villi, which look like tiny hairs. This increases the surface area so that the body can absorb LARGE amounts at once. By the time food leaves the small intestine, nearly all the nutrients have been removed and what is left is basically toxic waste. The body eliminates it through the excretory system.
Saturday, April 23, 2011
Chapter 37 Vocab
Heart - main organ of the circulatory system
Atrium - large muscular upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
Valves - flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a ventricle or in a vein that prevents back flow of blood.
Pulmonary arteries - pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
Veins - a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
Plasma - straw colored fluid that makes up about 55 percent of blood; consists of about 90% water and about 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products an plasma proteins.
Pharynx - muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity or throat that connect the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food.
Trachea - windpipe; tube through which air moves
Ventricles - thick walled lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
Pulmonary circulation - pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs.
Systemic circulation - pathway in which the left side of the heart pumps blood to all of the body except the lungs.
Aorta - large blood vessel in mammals through which blood travels from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lungs
Arteries - large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Capillaries - smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
Hemoglobin - iron containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
Lymph - fluid lost by the body into surrounding tissue
Platelet - cell fragment released by bone marrow
Larynx - structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
Bronchus - passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
Alveolus - tiny air sac at the end of the bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
Diaphragm - large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that contracts during breathing, pulling the bottom of the chest cavity down and increasing its volume.
Atrium - large muscular upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
Valves - flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a ventricle or in a vein that prevents back flow of blood.
Pulmonary arteries - pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
Veins - a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
Plasma - straw colored fluid that makes up about 55 percent of blood; consists of about 90% water and about 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products an plasma proteins.
Pharynx - muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity or throat that connect the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food.
Trachea - windpipe; tube through which air moves
Ventricles - thick walled lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
Pulmonary circulation - pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs.
Systemic circulation - pathway in which the left side of the heart pumps blood to all of the body except the lungs.
Aorta - large blood vessel in mammals through which blood travels from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lungs
Arteries - large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Capillaries - smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
Hemoglobin - iron containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
Lymph - fluid lost by the body into surrounding tissue
Platelet - cell fragment released by bone marrow
Larynx - structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
Bronchus - passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
Alveolus - tiny air sac at the end of the bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
Diaphragm - large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that contracts during breathing, pulling the bottom of the chest cavity down and increasing its volume.
Chapter 37 Assessment
Chapter 37 Assessment: 1-10, 11-13, 27, 30,
1) d
2) a
3) b
4) b
5) b
6) a
7) c
8) a
9) a
10) c
11) system in which blood is contained w/in a network of blood vessels
12) Pulmonary circulation is the pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs whereas systemic circulation is pathway in which the left side of the heart pumps blood to all of the body except the lungs.
13) The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them. As the blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through three types of blood vessels, arteries, capillaries and veins.
27) The blood vessel would become blocked and eventually explode. It would cut off blood from the heart and the patient would die.
30) B/c the blood is only flowing in one direction
1) d
2) a
3) b
4) b
5) b
6) a
7) c
8) a
9) a
10) c
11) system in which blood is contained w/in a network of blood vessels
12) Pulmonary circulation is the pathway in which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs whereas systemic circulation is pathway in which the left side of the heart pumps blood to all of the body except the lungs.
13) The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flows through them. As the blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through three types of blood vessels, arteries, capillaries and veins.
27) The blood vessel would become blocked and eventually explode. It would cut off blood from the heart and the patient would die.
30) B/c the blood is only flowing in one direction
Chapter 37 Circulatory System notes
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels and the blood that flows through them.
Your heart is located hear the center of your chest. It is composed almost entirely of muscle. The hard is enclosed in protective tissue called pericaridum. In the walls of the heart there are two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue that form a sandwich around a thick layer of muscle called the myocardium. The powerful contractions of the myocardium pump blood through the circulatory. Dividing the right side of the heart from the left side is the septum or wall. The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen rich blood. On each side of the septum are two chambers. The upper chamber which receives the blood is called the atrium. The lower chamber which pumps blood out of the heart is the ventricle.
The heart functions as two separate pumps . The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. The left side pumps out of the lungs and into the left side and then out to the body. This pathway is called systemic circulation. Blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen poor because cells have absorbed much of the oxygen and loaded the blood with carbon dioxide. t this point, it is ready for another trip to the lungs.
As blood flows through the circulatory system, ti moves through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Red blood cells transport oxygen. They get their color from Hemoglobin. It is the iron containing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where oxygen is released.
White blood cells, or leukcocytes are fewer than red blood cells. For every 700 red blood cells, there is just one white blood cell. White blood cells attack foreign substances or organisms.
Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets. There are certain large cells in bone marrow that bread into thousands of small pieces. Each fragment of cytoplasms is enclosed in a piece of cell membrane and released into the bloodstream as a platelet.
A network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system. The fluid is called lymph. It collects in lymphatic capillaries and slowly flows into larger and larger lymph vessels. Like large veins, lymph vessels contain valves that prevent lymph from flowing backward. Ducts collect the lymph and return it to the circulatory system through two openings in the superior vena cava. The openings are under the left and right clavicle bones just below the shoulders.
Your heart is located hear the center of your chest. It is composed almost entirely of muscle. The hard is enclosed in protective tissue called pericaridum. In the walls of the heart there are two thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue that form a sandwich around a thick layer of muscle called the myocardium. The powerful contractions of the myocardium pump blood through the circulatory. Dividing the right side of the heart from the left side is the septum or wall. The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen rich blood. On each side of the septum are two chambers. The upper chamber which receives the blood is called the atrium. The lower chamber which pumps blood out of the heart is the ventricle.
The heart functions as two separate pumps . The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. The left side pumps out of the lungs and into the left side and then out to the body. This pathway is called systemic circulation. Blood that returns to the right side of the heart is oxygen poor because cells have absorbed much of the oxygen and loaded the blood with carbon dioxide. t this point, it is ready for another trip to the lungs.
As blood flows through the circulatory system, ti moves through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Red blood cells transport oxygen. They get their color from Hemoglobin. It is the iron containing protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where oxygen is released.
White blood cells, or leukcocytes are fewer than red blood cells. For every 700 red blood cells, there is just one white blood cell. White blood cells attack foreign substances or organisms.
Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets. There are certain large cells in bone marrow that bread into thousands of small pieces. Each fragment of cytoplasms is enclosed in a piece of cell membrane and released into the bloodstream as a platelet.
A network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system. The fluid is called lymph. It collects in lymphatic capillaries and slowly flows into larger and larger lymph vessels. Like large veins, lymph vessels contain valves that prevent lymph from flowing backward. Ducts collect the lymph and return it to the circulatory system through two openings in the superior vena cava. The openings are under the left and right clavicle bones just below the shoulders.
Active Art Assessment
Print out this page, and complete the table below by briefly describing each type of freely movable joint.
Name: __________Mary Di Valerio__________________________
Date: _____4/23/11_____________
Class: __________________
Date: _____4/23/11_____________
Class: __________________
| Type of Joint | Type of Movement | Examples in the Body |
| Ball-and-socket | circular | arm/shoulder |
| Hinge | back and forth | knee |
| Pivot | side to side | neck |
| Saddle | in many directions | thumb |
Answer the following questions.
- What is a joint? place where one bone fixes to another
- Where in the body can you find fixed joints? Where bones such as vertebra meet
- What are ligaments? strong, flexible tissue that connect
- What connects bone to muscle? tendons
- How do bones and muscles work together to allow movement?
- joints allow for controlled movement
Week 4 Bio Vocab Quarter 4
Periosteum - tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone
Haversian canals - one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Bone Marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow
Cartilage - strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bones
Ossification - process of bone formation during which cartilage is replaced by bone
Joint - place where one bone attaches to another
Ligaments - strip of tough connective tissue in a joint that holds bones together.
Skeletal muscle - striated muscle that is usually attached to the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control
Smooth muscle - involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of viscera and blood vessels, consisting of nonstriated, spindle-shaped cells.
Cardiac muscle - a specialized form of striated muscle occurring in the heartsof vertebrates.
Tendons - . a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white,fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone orpart; sinew.
Epidermis - outer layer of skin
Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin
Melanin - dark brown pigment found in skin
Haversian canals - one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Bone Marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow
Cartilage - strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bones
Ossification - process of bone formation during which cartilage is replaced by bone
Joint - place where one bone attaches to another
Ligaments - strip of tough connective tissue in a joint that holds bones together.
Skeletal muscle - striated muscle that is usually attached to the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control
Smooth muscle - involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of viscera and blood vessels, consisting of nonstriated, spindle-shaped cells.
Cardiac muscle - a specialized form of striated muscle occurring in the heartsof vertebrates.
Tendons - . a cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white,fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone orpart; sinew.
Epidermis - outer layer of skin
Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin
Melanin - dark brown pigment found in skin
Chapter 36 Assesment
Chapter 36 Assessment: 1-9, 11, 13, 16, 28, 30
1) d
2) c
3) a
4) a
5) a
6) b
7) c
8) c
9) d
11) Spongy tissue, periosteum, compact bone and blood marrow
13)
1) d
2) c
3) a
4) a
5) a
6) b
7) c
8) c
9) d
11) Spongy tissue, periosteum, compact bone and blood marrow
13)
16. Smooth muscles line internal organs and control involuntary movements. Skeletal muscle has to do with voluntary movements. Cardiac muscle has to do w/ the heart.
28) The first picture, because the bone has only begun to form.
30) It would have to include a base skeletal system, a joint where it would bend and soft tissue to act as muscle.
Muscles! Chapter 36-2 Notes
More than 40% of the body's mass is muscle. There are three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Each one has a different structure/purpose.
Skeletal muscles are usually attacked to bones. They are responsible for voluntary movements. It is also called striated muscle. Most of them are controlled by the central nervous system.
Skeletal muscles are long and thin. Smooth muscles are usually not under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
A muscle contracts when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over thick filaments.
The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP.
Skeletal muscles are usually attacked to bones. They are responsible for voluntary movements. It is also called striated muscle. Most of them are controlled by the central nervous system.
Skeletal muscles are long and thin. Smooth muscles are usually not under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.
A muscle contracts when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over thick filaments.
The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP.
Thursday, April 21, 2011
Core Bio Notes Chapter 36-1
The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.
The skeleton is like the wooden frame of a house.
Bones also protect the internal organs of the body. For example, the skull protects the brain, and the ribs protect the lungs.
They are also a system of levers that control muscles.
Bones are also the site of blood cell formation.
Blood cells are produced in soft marrow tissue that fills the internal cavities in some bones.
There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton.
The bones can be divided into two parts, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the central axis of the body. It consists of a skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage. The bones of the arms and legs along with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder area, from the appendicular skeleton.
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. The bone is surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Blood vessels that pass through the periosteum carry oxygen and nutrients to the bone. Beneath the periosteum is compact bone. It is dense and within it runs tubes called Haversian canals. They contain blood vessels and nerves. Underneath that is the spongy bone. Finally, the inner part of the bone is called marrow. There are two types of marrow, yellow and red.
Yellow is made of fat cells and red produces blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells and platelets.
The skeleton of a newborn is composed almost entirely of cartilage. Cartilage is replaced by bone through ossification.
Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable and freely movable.
The skeleton is like the wooden frame of a house.
Bones also protect the internal organs of the body. For example, the skull protects the brain, and the ribs protect the lungs.
They are also a system of levers that control muscles.
Bones are also the site of blood cell formation.
Blood cells are produced in soft marrow tissue that fills the internal cavities in some bones.
There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton.
The bones can be divided into two parts, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the central axis of the body. It consists of a skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage. The bones of the arms and legs along with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder area, from the appendicular skeleton.
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. The bone is surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Blood vessels that pass through the periosteum carry oxygen and nutrients to the bone. Beneath the periosteum is compact bone. It is dense and within it runs tubes called Haversian canals. They contain blood vessels and nerves. Underneath that is the spongy bone. Finally, the inner part of the bone is called marrow. There are two types of marrow, yellow and red.
Yellow is made of fat cells and red produces blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells and platelets.
The skeleton of a newborn is composed almost entirely of cartilage. Cartilage is replaced by bone through ossification.
Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable and freely movable.
Monday, April 4, 2011
Vocabulary of Chapter 35
Specialized cells - cells designed to do specific tasks
Epithelial tissues - tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
Muscle tissue - tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement of the entire body or body parts.
Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Sensory receptors - neuron that reacts directly to light, sound or other stimuli by sending impulses to to other neurons and eventually to the central nervous system
Rods - photo-receptor in eye that is extremely sensitive to light
Cones - in gymnosperms, a seed-bearing structure in the retina of the eyes, a photo-receptor that responds to light of different colors, producing color vision
Pupil - small opening in the middle of the iris through which light enters the eye
Connective tissues - tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together.
Nervous tissue - tissue that receives messages from the body's external and internal environment, analyzes the data and directs the response.
Feedback Inhibition - process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Neuron - cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system
Lens - transparent object behind the iris that changes shape to help adjust the eye's focus to see near or distant objects
Retina - innermost layer of the eye
Cochlea - fluid filled part of the inner eye, sends nerve impulses to the brain through the cochlear nerve
Semicircular canals - one of the three structures within the inner ear that help an organism maintain balance.
Taste buds - sense organs that detect the flavor of a substance
Epithelial tissues - tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
Muscle tissue - tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement of the entire body or body parts.
Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Sensory receptors - neuron that reacts directly to light, sound or other stimuli by sending impulses to to other neurons and eventually to the central nervous system
Rods - photo-receptor in eye that is extremely sensitive to light
Cones - in gymnosperms, a seed-bearing structure in the retina of the eyes, a photo-receptor that responds to light of different colors, producing color vision
Pupil - small opening in the middle of the iris through which light enters the eye
Connective tissues - tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together.
Nervous tissue - tissue that receives messages from the body's external and internal environment, analyzes the data and directs the response.
Feedback Inhibition - process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Neuron - cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system
Lens - transparent object behind the iris that changes shape to help adjust the eye's focus to see near or distant objects
Retina - innermost layer of the eye
Cochlea - fluid filled part of the inner eye, sends nerve impulses to the brain through the cochlear nerve
Semicircular canals - one of the three structures within the inner ear that help an organism maintain balance.
Taste buds - sense organs that detect the flavor of a substance
Chapter 35 Assesment
Chapter 35 Assessment - 1-5, 9, 11, 11-12, 19-21, 26 31, 34
- c
- b
- a
- d
- d
9. b
11. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
12. It allows the creature to not undergo large temperature changes which would be harmful to the creature
19. The central nervous system relays messages, processes information and analyzes information. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system. The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscle on the glands.
20. It goes through the eye
21. It goes through the ear
26. Use existing data and formulate a conclusion - no experiment needed.
31. Blood leakage
34. Judgement can become impaired.
Chapter 35 Notes
The eleven organ systems of the human body work together to maintain homeostasis. These organ systems are:
- Nervous
- Integumentary
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Excretory
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Circulatory
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Lymphatic
Different tissue types work together within organs. The types of tissue are
- Muscle - most common in animals, controls the internal movement of materials such as blood. Also controls external movements like typing
- Epithelial tissue - closely packed cells that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs such as the heart to prevent blood leakage. Glands are made of this type of tissue
- Connective tissue - holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together. An example would be a tendon
- Nervous Tissue - receives messages from the body's external and internal environments, analyzes data and directs the response.
Biological systems achieve homeostasis through feedback inhibition.
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.
The messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons. There are three types, motor, sensory and Inter neurons.
A nerve impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by its environment.
There are five general categories of sensory receptors; pain receptors, thermo receptors, mechanorecpetors, chemoreceptros and photoreceptros.
Sunday, April 3, 2011
Chapter 34 Vocabulary
Behavior - the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment
Stimulus - any kind of detectable signal that carries information
Response - single, specific reaction to a stimulus
Innate Behavior - instinct or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is preformed.
Learning - alterations in behavior as a result of experience
Habituation - learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it
Classical Conditioning - learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment
Operant conditioning - learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment' also called trial and error learning
Insight learning - also called reasoning; learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error
Imprinting - learning based on early experience; once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed
Migration - periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another
Circadian rhythm - behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern
Courtship - type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli, such as sounds, visual displays or chemicals, in order to attract a member of the opposite sex
Territory - specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals.
Aggression - threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
Communication - passing of information from one organism to another
Language - system of communication that combines sounds, symbols or gestures according to a set of rules about word order and meaning.
Stimulus - any kind of detectable signal that carries information
Response - single, specific reaction to a stimulus
Innate Behavior - instinct or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is preformed.
Learning - alterations in behavior as a result of experience
Habituation - learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it
Classical Conditioning - learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment
Operant conditioning - learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment' also called trial and error learning
Insight learning - also called reasoning; learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error
Imprinting - learning based on early experience; once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed
Migration - periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another
Circadian rhythm - behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern
Courtship - type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli, such as sounds, visual displays or chemicals, in order to attract a member of the opposite sex
Territory - specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals.
Aggression - threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
Communication - passing of information from one organism to another
Language - system of communication that combines sounds, symbols or gestures according to a set of rules about word order and meaning.
Chapter 34 Assessment
Chapter Assessment - 1-21, 22, 25, 27
1) d 2) d 3) b 4) c 5) b 6) b 7) b 8) a 9) c 10) c
11) An animal feels hungry and eats food
12) the nervous system aids in response
13) It can allow the animals to conserve energy
14) Pavlov used classic conditioning to get the dog to associate the bell with the food
15) It involves learning WHO your mother is and also following
16) Yes
17) It can aid them in finding food and shelter
18) It showed how primates related to each other
19) When another animal crosses into one animal's territory, aggression tends to ensue.
20) Pheromones are sexual chemicals that aid in courtship and mating of animals
21) Humans
22) Compare/Contrast based on existing data, no experiment needed
25) The salmon would get lost and die
27) It has it's ups and downs.
1) d 2) d 3) b 4) c 5) b 6) b 7) b 8) a 9) c 10) c
11) An animal feels hungry and eats food
12) the nervous system aids in response
13) It can allow the animals to conserve energy
14) Pavlov used classic conditioning to get the dog to associate the bell with the food
15) It involves learning WHO your mother is and also following
16) Yes
17) It can aid them in finding food and shelter
18) It showed how primates related to each other
19) When another animal crosses into one animal's territory, aggression tends to ensue.
20) Pheromones are sexual chemicals that aid in courtship and mating of animals
21) Humans
22) Compare/Contrast based on existing data, no experiment needed
25) The salmon would get lost and die
27) It has it's ups and downs.
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